From sinhala-admin@linux.lk Mon Sep 06 11:26:02 2004 Return-path: Envelope-to: lurker@linux.lk Delivery-date: Mon, 06 Sep 2004 11:26:02 +0600 Received: from localhost ([127.0.0.1] helo=penguin.lklug.pdn.ac.lk) by penguin.lklug.pdn.ac.lk with esmtp (Exim 3.35 #1 (Debian)) id 1C4C0w-0003tf-00; Mon, 06 Sep 2004 11:26:02 +0600 Received: from hantana.pdn.ac.lk ([10.40.2.1]) by penguin.lklug.pdn.ac.lk with esmtp (Exim 3.35 #1 (Debian)) id 1C41on-0001Ri-00; Mon, 06 Sep 2004 00:32:49 +0600 Received: from pdn.ac.lk (dialup14.pdn.ac.lk [10.40.2.78]) by hantana.pdn.ac.lk (8.12.10/8.12.9) with ESMTP id i85IWSXC017818; Mon, 6 Sep 2004 00:32:28 +0600 (LKT) Message-ID: <413B55EE.70709@pdn.ac.lk> From: Nimal Ratnayake User-Agent: Mozilla Thunderbird 0.5 (X11/20040208) X-Accept-Language: en-us, en MIME-Version: 1.0 To: Anuradha Ratnaweera CC: members@lug.lk, sinhala@linux.lk Subject: Re: ANNOUNCE: Sinhala GNU/Linux 0.1 References: <1093935206.23570.28.camel@localhost> In-Reply-To: <1093935206.23570.28.camel@localhost> X-Enigmail-Version: 0.83.6.0 X-Enigmail-Supports: pgp-inline, pgp-mime Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------040601070108000505080101" X-Virus-Scanned: by amavisd-new Sender: sinhala-admin@linux.lk Errors-To: sinhala-admin@linux.lk X-BeenThere: sinhala@linux.lk X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.11 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: Date: Mon, 06 Sep 2004 00:07:42 +0600 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------040601070108000505080101 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Anuradha and the gang, First a very big thanks to everyone involved in the effort. I took bite at adding Sinhala support on my computer. Everything is installed now, but I am unable to test the gtk input method. How can I get going? Also, the name of the designer of the font used in Sinhala TeX is Yannis Haralambous. He not only designed the font in 1994 but also designed the SEVENBIT transliteration scheme and wrote the indica preprocessor program. Wasantha Saparamadu and Prasad Dharmasena added support for the Samanala transliteration scheme. Yannis's original document is attached (lreport.tex). I also have added some minor modifications to the README and INSTALL files. I also had to modify the patch for pango-1.4.1. I am sending them to Anuradha off the list. Nimal R. --------------040601070108000505080101 Content-Type: text/x-tex; name="lreport.tex" Content-Disposition: inline; filename="lreport.tex" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable X-MIME-Autoconverted: from 8bit to quoted-printable by hantana.pdn.ac.lk id i85IWSXC017818 % Copyright (C) 1994 Yannis Haralambous and Dominik Wujastyk % LaTeX2e document \documentclass[11pt,a4paper]{article} \usepackage{array,sinhala} % % \font\wncyr=3Dwncyr10 \font\wncyi=3Dwncyi10 % \def\diatop[#1|#2]{{\setbox1=3D\hbox{{#1{}}}\setbox2=3D\hbox{{#2{}}}% \dimen0=3D\ifdim\wd1>\wd2\wd1\else\wd2\fi% \dimen1=3D\ht2\advance\dimen1by-1ex% \setbox1=3D\hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#1\hss}% \rlap{\raise1\dimen1\box1}% \hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#2\hss}}}% %e.g. of use: \diatop[\'|{\=3Do}] gives o macron acute \begin{document} \title{A Sinhalese \TeX\ System} \author{Yannis Haralambous\thanks{Centre d'\'Etudes et de Recherche sur l= e Traitement Automatique des Langues, Institut National des Langues et Civi= lisations Orientales, Paris. Private address: 187, rue Nationale, 59800 Lille, Fran= ce.=20 Fax: (33) 20.40.28.64, ISDN/Num\'eris: (33) 20.15.81.77, E-mail: \texttt{Yannis.Haralambous@univ-lille1.fr}.}} \date{1994-03-23} \maketitle \tableofcontents \section{Introduction to the Sinhalese writing system} Sinhalese is one of the two major languages spoken in Sri Lanka (Ceylon), the second being Tamil. Sinhalese script is a South-Indian script, close to Malayalam and Kannada. The alphabet consists of~18 vowels and~35 consonants. It is a syllabic script: the basic consonant glyph form denotes the consonant followed by the (inherent) short vowel `a': {\SHa\char77a} is `ka', {\SHa\char85a} is `kha' etc. To obtain a con= sonant not followed by a vowel, one uses a special diacritic called \emph{virama}. Hence, {\SHa\char77} is `k', {\SHa\char85} is `kh', etc. Contrary to Hind= i, a virama is used in all circumstances, \emph{even} at the end of a word. Here are the~35 Sinhalese consonants (with inherent short `a' vowel): \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHa\char77a} {\SHa\char85a} {\SHa\char66a} {\SHa\char101a} {\SHa\char1= 09a} {\SHa\char117a} {\SHa\char125a} {\SHa\char133a} {\SHa\char141a} {\SH= b\char139a} {\SHa\char149a} {\SHa\char157a} {\SHa\char165a} {\SHa\char173= a} {\SHa\char181a} {\SHa\char189a} {\SHa\char197a} {\SHb\char163a} {\SHa\char205a} {\SHa\char213a} {\SHa\char221a} {\SHa\char229a} {\SHa\cha= r237a} {\SHa\char245a} {\SHa\char253a} {\SHb\char21a} {\SHb\char29a} {\SH= b\char37a} {\SHb\char85a} {\SHb\char14a} {\SHb\char53a} {\SHb\char61a} {\= SHb\char69a} {\SHb\char77a} {\SHb\char213a} \end{center} \end{LARGE} There are also~6 nasalized consonants: \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHb\char93a} {\SHb\char101a} {\SHb\char109a} {\SHb\char187a} {\SHb\cha= r117a} {\SHb\char125a} \end{center} \end{LARGE} The vowels have full-size glyphs when they appear at word begin: \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHa\char16} {\SHa\char16\char0} {\SHa\char16\char8} {\SHa\char16\char9= } {\SHa\char17} {\SHa\char18} {\SHa\char19} {\SHa\char19\char3} {\SHa\cha= r20\char1} {\SHa\char20\char2} {\SHa\char21} {\SHa\char21\char3} {\SHa\ch= ar22} {\SHa\char23} {\SHa\char5\char22} {\SHa\char24} {\SHa\char25} {\SHa= \char24\char3} \end{center} \end{LARGE} A vowel following a consonant (or a series of consonants) is denoted by a special stroke, or certain auxiliary characters appearing on the right or on the left of the consonant. Follow the letters {\SHa\char77a} (ka) a= nd {\SHb\char163a} combined with each one of these vowels: \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHa\char77a} {\SHa\char77a\char0} {\SHa\char77a\char8} {\SHa\char77a\c= har9} {\SHa\char77i} {\SHa\char77ii} {\SHa\char77u} {\SHa\char77uu} {\SHa= \char77a\char1} {\SHa\char77a\char2} {\SHa\char77a\char3} {\SHa\char77a\c= har4} {\SHa\char5\char77a} {\SHa\char5\char77} {\SHa\char6\char77a} {\SHa= \char5\char77a\char0} {\SHa\char5\char77a\char7} {\SHa\char5\char77a\char= 3}\\ {\SHb\char163a} {\SHb\char163aa} {\SHb\char163aaa} {\SHb\char163aaaa} {\S= Hb\char163i} {\SHb\char163ii} {\SHb\char163u} {\SHb\char163uu} {\SHb\char= 163rr} {\SHb\char163rrr} {\SHb\char163a\char3} {\SHb\char163a\char4} {\SH= b\char5\char163a} {\SHb\char5\char163} {\SHb\char6\char163a} {\SHb\char5\= char163aa} {\SHb\char5\char163o} {\SHb\char5\char163a\char3} \end{center} \end{LARGE} Special care must be taken in three cases: \begin{enumerate} \item When a consonant without vowel is followed by {\SHb\char29a} (r): t= he virama sign of the consonant and the `r' character are replaced by a special stroke under the consonant. For example, instead of {\SHa\char77}= {}{\SHb\-\char29a} we will write {\SHa\char77ar}. If the \emph{consonant $+$ `r'} combination is followed by a vowel, then special rules apply. Here are the letters {\SHa\char77a} and {\SHb\char16= 3a} (as above) combined with {\SHb\char29a} and each one of the vowels above: \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHa\char77ar} {\SHa\char77ar\char0} {\SHa\char77ar\char8} {\SHa\char77= ar\char9} {\SHa\char77ir} {\SHa\char77iir} {\SHa\char77a\char1} {\SHa\cha= r77a\char2} {\SHa\char77ar\char1} {\SHa\char77ar\char2} {\SHa\char77ar\ch= ar3} {\SHa\char77ar\char4} {\SHa\char5\char77ar} {\SHa\char5\char77r} {\SHa\char6\char77ar} {\SHa\char5\char77ar\char0} {\SHa\char5\char77ar\ch= ar7} {\SHa\char5\char77ar\char3}\\ {\SHb\char163ar} {\SHb\char163ar\char0= } {\SHb\char163ar\char8} {\SHb\char163ar\char9} {\SHb\char163ir} {\SHb\ch= ar163iir} {\SHb\char163rr} {\SHb\char163rrr} {\SHb\char163\char29a\char1}= {\SHb\char163\char29a\char2} {\SHb\char163ar\char3} {\SHb\char163ar\char4} {\SHb\char5\char163ar} {\SH= b\char5\char163r} {\SHb\char6\char163ar} {\SHb\char5\char163ar\char0} {\S= Hb\char5\char163ar\char7} {\SHb\char5\char163ar\char3}. \end{center} \end{LARGE} \item When a consonant without vowel is followed by {\SHb\char21a} (y): t= he virama sign of the consonant disappears, and {\SHb\char21a} si replaced b= y the pseudo-letter {\SHb\char200}. For example, instead of {\SHa\char77}{}{\SH= b\-\char21a} we will write {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a}. If the \emph{consonant $+$ `y'} combination is followed by a vowel, then special rules apply. Here are the letters {\SHa\char77a} and {\SHb\char16= 3a} (as above) combined with {\SHb\char21a} and each one of the vowels above: \begin{LARGE} \begin{center} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a\char0} {\SHa\char= 77a\SHb\char205a\char8} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a\char9} {\SHa\char77a\S= Hb\char205i} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205ii} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205u} {\S= Ha\char77a\SHb\char205uu} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a\char1} {\SHa\char77a= \SHb\char205a\char2} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\char205a\char3} {\SHa\char77a\SHb\= char205a\char4} {\SHa\char5\char77a\SHb\char205a} {\SHa\char5\char77a\SHb= \char205} {\SHa\char6\char77a\SHb\char205a} {\SHa\char5\char77a\SHb\char205a\char0}= {\SHa\char5\char77a\SHb\char205a\char7} {\SHa\char5\char77a\SHb\char205a= \char3}\\ {\SHb\char163y} {\SHb\char163y\char0} {\SHb\char163y\char8} {\S= Hb\char163y\char9} {\SHb\char163a\char205i} {\SHb\char163a\char205ii} {\S= Hb\char163a\char205u} {\SHb\char163a\char205uu} {\SHb\char163y\char1} {\S= Hb\char163y\char2} {\SHb\char163y\char3} {\SHb\char163y\char4} {\SHb\char5\char163y} {\SHb\c= har5\char163a\char205} {\SHb\char6\char163y} {\SHb\char5\char163y\char0} = {\SHb\char5\char163y\char7} {\SHb\char5\char163y\char3}. \end{center} \end{LARGE} \item A third special case occurs, when a consonant with inherent short `a' vowel is \emph{preceded} by `r'. In that case the `r' is not written and a spiral-like stroke is added on top of the consonant. For example, instead of {\SHb\char29}{}{\SHb\-\char37a} we will write {\SHb{}r\char37}= . This phenomenon does not occur when the consonant is followed by some other vowel than `a'. \end{enumerate} Beside the special cases enumerated above, frequently ligatures occur between consonants. A ligature between two consonants implies that the first one is not followed by a vowel; the virama sign is ommited in that case. Here are some examples: \begin{center} {\SHa\char133} + {\SHb\char139a} =3D {\SHc\char27a}\quad {\SHa\char77} += {\SHb\char14a} =3D {\SHc\char15a}\quad {\SHa\char77} + {\SHb\char61a} =3D= {\SHc\char61a}\quad {\SHa\char213} + {\SHa\char205a} =3D {\SHc\char69a}\\ {\SHa\char213} + {\SHa\char197a} =3D {\SHc\char77a}\quad= {\SHa\char213} + {\SHb\char163a} =3D {\SHc\char91a}\quad {\SHa\char189} = + {\SHa\char197a} =3D {\SHc\char109a} \end{center} Finally there are two special signs: \emph{anusvara} (\d{m}) written {\SHa\char11} and \emph{visarga} (\d{h}) written {\SHa\char10}. Sinhalese= punctuation follows the English rules. Hyphenation is done between syllables, in other words, \emph{after a vowel}. \section{Design of the Sinhalese font} Because of the nature of Sinhalese syllables, most combinations of consonants and vowels had to be drawn separately (the reader can find a complete table of consonant/vowel combinations in Appendix~A). This brought the total number of distinct character positions to more than~460, placed in three~256-character tables. Despite the big number of characters, the design of a Sinhalese font does not require a superhuman effort; in fact, the shapes of many Sinhalese letters are \emph{modular}, and can be produced by assembling elementary strokes in different ways. To illustrate this feature of Sinhalese letters, here is a selection of such elementary strokes\footnote{Unfortunately he author does not know the original names of these strokes.}: \begin{enumerate} \item on the \emph{left} side of the letter: ($\alpha$) the left stem of {\SHa\char20}, ($\beta$) same as$\alpha$, but with an horizontal bar, like in {\SHa\char165a}, ($\gamma$) the left stem of {\SHb\char21a}, ($\d= elta$) a lowered closed loop, like in {\SHa\char24}; \item the \emph{middle} part of the letter: ($\kappa$) a simple baseline stroke, like in {\SHa\char221a}, ($\lambda$) the same with a pinch, like = in {\SHa\char165a}, ($\mu$) the same with a ``bridge'' like in {\SHa\char101= a}; \item on the \emph{right} part of the letter: ($\chi$) a short stroke with a rounded loop, like in {\SHa\char101a}, ($\psi$) a somewhat higher = stroke with a triangular loop, like in {\SHa\char22}, ($\omega$) a high and roun= d stroke without loop, like in {\SHa\char117a}. \end{enumerate} Out of the combinations of these four right parts, three middle parts and three right parts we will make a table to see how many of them actually exist (\textsc{ne} $=3D$ ``does not exist''): \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|r||ccc|ccc|ccc|ccc|} \hline & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{$\alpha$} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{$\beta$} & \multico= lumn{3}{c|}{$\gamma$} & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{$\delta$} \\ \hline & $\kappa$ & $\lambda$ & $\mu$ & $\kappa$ & $\lambda$ & $\mu$ & $\kappa$ = & $\lambda$ & $\mu$ & $\kappa$ & $\lambda$ & $\mu$ \\ \hline\hline $\chi$ & {\SHa\char221a} & {\SHa\char20} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne} & {\= SHb\char69a} & {\SHa\char101a} & \textsc{ne} & {\SHb\char21a} & \textsc{n= e} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne}\\ \hline $\psi$ & {\SHa\char229a} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne} & {\SHa\char22} & = {\SHa\char173a} & \textsc{ne} & {\SHa\char197a} & {\SHa\char157a} & \text= sc{ne} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne} & \textsc{ne}\\ \hline $\omega$ & {\SHb\char14a} & {\SHa\char109a}? & \textsc{ne} & {\SHa\char11= 7a} & {\SHa\char165a} & \textsc{ne} & {\SHa\char149a} & {\SHa\char205a} &= \textsc{ne} & {\SHa\char253a} & {\SHa\char24} & {\SHb\char117a} \\ \hli= ne \end{tabular} \end{center} As we see, more than half of the entries represent extant characters. Similar phenomena occur for other groups of Sinhalese letters. And of course there are also some isolated cases, which have to be drawn separately (like {\SHa\char181a}, {\SHa\char21}, {\SHb\char85a} and so fo= rth). This modularity of Sinhalese forms makes the choice of Metafont for the realization of a Sinhalese font even more interesting. The Sinhalese font, as presented in this paper, was commisionned from the author by the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, after a proposal by Dominik Wujastyk (to whom the author would like to express his gratitude).\footnote{The Wellcome Institute library has a large collection of Sinhalese manuscripts on medicine and other topics, and the font was needed for use in publishing a catalogue of the collection.} The character forms were inspired by the font of~\cite{norwegian}, compared to the forms of~\cite{disanayaka} (a modern Sinhalese script method), \cite{clough} (a classical 19th century dictionary with many ligatures) and~\cite{belko} (the Russian ``official'' Sinhalese dictionary), the last one having the most beautiful type, in the author's humble (and non-Sinhalese naive) opinion. Useful information has also been found in~\cite{lambert}, a study of south Indian scripts, and the catalogues of writing systems of the world~\cite{nakanishi} and~\cite{faulman}. \subsubsection{Optical scaling} As we all know, one of the big advantages of Metafont drawn characters is optical scaling, that is scaling of characters in a non-linear way, to correct certain optical effects. This technique has been applied by D. E.~Knuth, in the Computer Modern fonts, the first realistic example of font family drawn in Metafont. The same technique has been used for Sinhalese. Here are the (technical) details: Sinhalese characters have been designed using~6 main parameters: \begin{enumerate} \item \verb=3DFX=3D, horizontal basic unit; \item \verb=3DFY=3D, vertical basic unit; (in the Computer Modern fonts t= he same basic unit is used horizontally and vertically, namely \verb=3Du=3D.= ) In cases where a length/width had to be defined independently of its orientation, we have used \verb=3D.5[FX,FY]=3D (the mean value). \item \verb=3Dshthin=3D, the width of thin strokes; \item \verb=3Dshfat=3D, the width of a certain number of fat strokes; (actually, for intermediate cases the variable quantity $\lambda$\verb=3D[shthin,shfat]=3D, with $\lambda\in[0,1]$ has been used.= ) \item \verb=3Dusual_left=3D, the standard left sidebearing; \item \verb=3Dusual_right=3D, the standard right sidebearing. \end{enumerate} Optical correction consisted in scaling these parameters differently for~8, 9 and~12 points, as in the following table (in parentheses the reader can see the percentage of deviation from the hypothetical linearly scaled value): \begin{small} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|>{\tt}l|cc|cc|cc|cc|}\hline & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{8 pt} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{9 pt} & \multicolumn{2= }{c|}{10 pt} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{12 pt} \\ \hline FX & .369 pt & +6.25\% & .401 pt & +2.777\% & .434 pt & 0\% & .510 pt & $= -$2.08\% \\ FY & .347 pt & 0\% & .391 pt & 0\% & .434 pt & 0\% & .521 pt & 0\% \\ shthin & .217 pt & +12.21\% & .217 pt & +10.96\% & .217 pt & 0\% & .217 p= t & $-$15.79\% \\ shfat & .906 pt & +10\% & .972 pt & +6.66\% & .998 pt & 0\% & 1.106 pt & = $-$6.67\% \\ usual\_left & .406 pt & +10\% & .422 pt & +5\% & .434 pt & 0\% & .495 pt = & $-$5\% \\ usual\_right & .406 pt & +10\% & .422 pt & +5\% & .434 pt & 0\% & .495 pt= & $-$5\% \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{small} As the reader can see, the value of \verb=3Dshthin=3D remains the same from~8 to~12 points; this guarantees that thin strokes will not disappear in small pointsizes (and makes letters look more elegant in large pointsizes, like in Roman Bodoni fonts). The horizontal basic unit \verb=3DFX=3D gets (proportionally) bigger in small sizes: letters become= up to 6.25\% wider; \verb=3DFX=3D also gets slightly smaller at~12 points: letters become 2.08\% narrower. The same tactique is applied sidebearings. The following sample of text illustrates optical correction. The same text (taken from~\cite{belko}), is typeset in~8, 9, 10 and 12 point sizes. \bigskip \long\def\textsample{ {\SHb\char29a\char8}{\SHb\-\char69i}{\SHb\-\char21a}{\SHa\-\char213} {\SH= b\char69i}{\SHa\char11}{\SHb\-\char77a}{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHb\char53a}{\S= Ha\-\char237}{\SHb\-\char163a} {\SHa\char5\char77a\char0}{\SHb\-\char61a}= {\SHb\-\char21a} {\SHb\char69a}{\SHa\-\char77a}{\SHb\-\char69}{\SHa\-\cha= r77i}{\SHb\-\char29ii}{\SHa\-\char5\char253}{\SHb\-\char77i} {\SHb\char37a\char0} {\SHb\char5\char163aa}{\SHb\-\char69}{\SHa\-\char189= a}{\SHb\-\char29a} {\SHb\char163aaa}{\SHb\-\char163i}{\SHa\-\char66a}{\SH= a\-\char253a} {\SHb\char14i}. {\SHb\char29a\char8}{\SHb\-\char163ir}{\SHa= \-\char66u} {\SHa\char5\char66}{\SHa\-\char213} {\SHb\char37a\char8}{\SHa= \-\char237u}{\SHa\-\char181u} {\SHb\char14i}{\SHb\-\char53a\char0}{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHb\char69a}{\SHb\= -\char77a\char0}{\SHb\-\char21a} {\SHa\char66a\char8}{\SHa\-\char213a} {\= SHa\char24}{\SHb\char77u}{\SHa\-\char149a} {\SHb\char69a}{\SHa\-\char253}= {\SHa\-\char221a\char0}{\SHb\-\char163a}{\SHa\-\char77a} {\SHb\char14a}{\= SHb\-\char29a}{\SHb\-\char21a\char0} {\SHb\char69a\char1}{\SHa\-\char189a}{\SHc\-\char27a}{\SHa\-\char189a\cha= r0}{\SHb\-\char14a}{\SHb\-\char21a} {\SHa\char221u}{\SHb\-\char163a} {\SH= a\char77a}{\SHb\-\char29a}{\SHb\-\char21i}. {\SHb\char53iir} {\SHb\char37a}{\SHa\char11}{\SHa\-\char77a\char0}{\SHb\-= \char14a} {\SHb\char29a\char8}{\SHb\-\char69i}{\SHb\-\char21a}{\SHa\-\cha= r213} {\SHa\char237a}{\SHb\-\char69a} {\SHb\char77a}{\SHb\-\char163aa}{\S= Hb\-\char29a}{\SHa\-\char213a} {\SHb\char69i}{\SHa\char11}{\SHb\-\char77a= }{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHa\char133a}{\SHa\-\char213a}{\SHa\-\char189a\char0}{\SHb\-\char14a}{\= SHa\-\char149a}{\SHa\-\char189}, {\SHb\char5\char69a\char7}{\SHb\-\char14= i}{\SHb\-\char21}{\SHa\-\char189} {\SHb\char69a}{\SHa\char11}{\SHa\-\char= 66a}{\SHa\-\char253a}{\SHb\-\char5\char21a}{\SHb\-\char77i} {\SHb\char69i= }{\SHa\char11}{\SHb\-\char77a}{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHa\char237a}{\SHb\-\char69a} {\SHb\char77a}{\SHb\-\char163aa}{\SHb\-\c= har29a}{\SHa\-\char213a} {\SHb\char29a\char8}{\SHb\-\char69i}{\SHb\-\char= 21a}{\SHa\-\char213} {\SHa\char133a}{\SHa\-\char213a}{\SHa\-\char189a\cha= r0}{\SHb\-\char14a}{\SHa\-\char149a}{\SHa\-\char189} {\SHa\char5\char253}= {\SHa\-\char253a} {\SHb\char53a}{\SHa\-\char237}{\SHb\-\char163a} {\SHa\char5\char77a\char0}{\SHb\-\char61a}{\SHb\-\char21a} {\SHa\char221a= r}{\SHb\-\char5\char21a\char7}{\SHa\-\char133a}{\SHa\-\char213a}{\SHb\-\c= har14a}{\SHa\-\char189} {\SHb\char5\char14}{\SHa\-\char189i}{\SHb\-\char2= 1i} {\SHb\char69a}{\SHa\-\char253}{\SHa\-\char221a\char0}{\SHb\-\char163a= }{\SHa\-\char77a} {\SHb\char14a}{\SHb\-\char29a}{\SHb\-\char21a\char0} {\SHa\char221ar\char0}{\SHa\-{}r\char197}{\SHa\-\char213a\char0} {\SHa\ch= ar77a}{\SHb\-\char29a}{\SHb\-\char21i}.} { \font\SHa=3Dsinha8 \font\SHb=3Dsinhb8 \font\SHc=3Dsinhc8 \baselineskip=3D9.6pt \textsample \medskip \font\SHa=3Dsinha9 \font\SHb=3Dsinhb9 \font\SHc=3Dsinhc9 \baselineskip=3D10.8pt \textsample \medskip \font\SHa=3Dsinha10 \font\SHb=3Dsinhb10 \font\SHc=3Dsinhc10 \baselineskip=3D12pt \textsample \medskip \font\SHa=3Dsinha12 \font\SHb=3Dsinhb12 \font\SHc=3Dsinhc12 \baselineskip=3D14.4pt \textsample } \section{Preprocessing} \subsection{\emph{Indica} input schemes}\label{input-modes} \TeX\ can handle only 8-bit fonts (fonts with~256 characters at most). This seems more or less sufficient for the needs of a certain number of Western European languages, but is definitely unsuitable for Oriental scripts like the Sinhalese one\footnote{The \TeX\ extension $\Omega$, under development by John Plaice (Quebec) and the author, will solve these (and many more) problems by using internally the \textsc{unicode} encoding, and 16-bit virtual fonts for the output.}. Hence, the use of a preprocessor is unavoidable. The author is developping \emph{\textbf{Indica}}, a common preprocessor for all Indic languages/scripts. \emph{Indica} will allow the use of the same input scheme(s) for all Indic languages: one will be able to write multilingual Indic documents without changing the input conventions, when switching languages. There are four possible input schemes, common to Hindi, Sanskrit, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Gujarati, Gurmukhi, Sinhalese and Tibetan: \begin{enumerate} \item \texttt{SEVENBIT}, a 7-bit (ISO 646) encoding scheme, based on Jan Velthuis' Hindi/Sanskrit transcription. Some extensions were necessary for Sinhalese, but also for other Indic languages, to obtain the character set of the (Indic part) of \textsc{unicode}/ISO 10646-1 standard (cf.~\cite{iso10646}). \item \texttt{CSX}, the \emph{Classical Sanskrit Extended} encoding, an 8-bit extension of ISO 646, proposed by a group of computer-literate Sanskritists at the 8th World Sanskrit Conference, in Vienna~1990 (cf.~\cite{dominik}). Again, some extensions were necessary for Sinhalese, and other Indic languages, to obtain the character set of the (Indic part) of \textsc{unicode}/ISO 10646-1 standard (cf.~\cite{iso10646}). \item \texttt{LATEX}, a standardized form of \LaTeX\ commands (for example, only \verb=3D\d{m}=3D is valid for `\d{m}', and not \verb=3D\d m= =3D or \verb=3D\d{}m=3D or \verb=3D\def\foo{\d{m}}\foo=3D, etc.), describing the ``standard'' transliteration of Indic languages. \item \texttt{UNICODE}, the 16-bit part of ISO 10646-1 (cf.~\cite{iso10646}), with an anticipated Sinhalese encoding by the author (since Sinhalese is not yet part of ISO 10646)\footnote{Although there is not a broad choice of \textsc{unicode}-compatible software yet (Windows NT is the most popular case of such software), the author believes that \textsc{unicode} is already now the ideal solution for \emph{document storage} and \emph{transmission}, especially when used in conjunction with a markup language like SGML.}. \end{enumerate} The reader will find a complete table of equivalences between (1), (2) and (3), applied to Sinhalese, in appendix~B. \subsection{Guidelines for the use of \emph{Indica}} \subsubsection{How to obtain and install \emph{Indica}} \emph{Indica} is part of a free Sinhalese \TeX\ package, commissioned from the author and supervised by the Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine.\footnote{The Sinhalese package is copyrighted by the Wellcome Trust, but may be used free of charge.} You can obtain \emph{Indica} by anonymous ftp, from various servers, including \texttt{ftp.ens.fr}, directory \texttt{pub/tex/yannis/sinhala}. It is written in Flex, the \textsc{gnu} version of the standard \textsc{unix} utility Lex\footnote{Actually it uses a very important feature of Flex which is not part of the POSIX Lex standard, namely \emph{exclusive states}. \emph{Indica} has to be compiled on a Lex version with this feature, cf.~\cite{yacc-lex} for more details.}. On the server you will find executables for Macintosh and MS-DOS. If you are on some other platform, or if you want to make changes to the \texttt{indica.lex} file, you will have to compile it again. This operation consists of the following (relatively straightforward) steps: \begin{enumerate} \item run Flex on \texttt{indica.lex}, with the \texttt{-8} option:=20 \begin{verbatim} flex -8 indica.lex \end{verbatim} \item Flex will create the file \texttt{lex.yy.c} (\texttt{LEX\_YY.C} on MS-DOS); this is a machine-generated, C++ compatible, ANSI~C code file. Run your favourite C-compiler on it, and link the result with the standard ANSI~C libraries. \end{enumerate} Once you have fetched or compiled your own executable of \emph{Indica}, you are ready to use it. For this you have to prepare yur document using the syntax explained in section~\ref{syntax}, and run \emph{Indica} to produce a regular \TeX\ or \LaTeX\ file. \emph{Indica} uses the standard C input and output streams, so you have to type \verb=3D<=3D and \verb=3D= >=3D to redirect them to your files: \begin{verbatim} Indica < foo.inp > foo.tex \end{verbatim} where \verb=3Dfoo.inp=3D is the document you prepared and \verb=3Dfoo.tex= =3D is the \TeX\ file \emph{Indica} will create for you. In this way \emph{Indica} can be used as a filter for piping operations: if your operating system allows piping and your \TeX\ implementation uses the standard input stream, you can systematically write \texttt{Indica < foo.inp | TeX} to pre-process \verb=3Dfoo.inp=3D and run \TeX\ on the result, avoiding hereby the creation of an intermediate \TeX\ file. \subsubsection{The \emph{Indica} syntax}\label{syntax} There are three kinds of predefined \emph{Indica} commands: \catcode`\=B6=3D13 \def=B6{} \begin{enumerate} \item commands affecting the input mode:=20 \begin{verbatim} #=B6SEVENBIT #=B6CSX #=B6LATEX #=B6UNICODE \end{verbatim} as described in~\ref{input-modes}.=20 \item commands determining the current (Indic) language:=20 \begin{verbatim} #=B6BENGALI #=B6GUJARATI #=B6GURMUKHI #=B6HINDI #=B6KANNADA #=B6MALAYALAM #=B6ORIYA #=B6SANSKRIT #=B6SINHALESE #=B6TAMIL #=B6TELUGU #=B6TIBETAN #=B6NIL \end{verbatim} the last one being used to return to non-preprocessed mode (for arbitrary= non-Indic text). \item the=20 \begin{verbatim} #=B6ALIAS \end{verbatim} command, which allows creation of new names for the commands listed above. \end{enumerate} Here are the rules you have to follow when using these commands: \begin{itemize} \item the ``escape character'' for \emph{Indica} commands (or should I say ``directives''?) is \verb=3D#=3D. A command name consists of this character, followed by at most~32 \emph{uppercase letters} or \emph{8-bit characters} (in the range \verb=3D0x80=3D--\verb=3D0xff=3D). = It follows that you can write, for example, `\verb=3D#=B6NIL;=3D' or `\verb=3D#=B6NILthis=3D', but \emph{not} `\verb=3D#=B6NILYannis=3D'; in t= he latter case you can either leave a blank space (`\verb*=3D#=B6NIL Yannis=3D') or insert an empty group (`\verb=3D#=B6NIL{}Yannis=3D') or apply any other similar \TeX trick. \item \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ commands are not affected by the preprocessor. Be careful, though, because command \emph{arguments} will nevertheless be pre-processed: if you write \begin{verbatim} #=B6SINHALESE gaalla \TeX\ navala \begin{center} kamalaa \end{verbatim} then, \verb=3D\TeX=3D and \verb=3D\begin=3D will be left unchanged by the preprocessor, while \verb=3Dcenter=3D will produce {\SHa\char5\char117}{\= SHa\-\char213}{\SHa\-\char5\char189}{\SHb\-\char29} and \verb=3D\begin{=3D{\SHa\char5\char117}{\SHa\-\char213}{\SHa\-\char5\char1= 89}{\SHb\-\char29}\verb=3D}=3D is hardly something standard \LaTeX\ would accept. In these cases it is advised to write \begin{verbatim} #=B6SINHALESE gaalla \TeX\ navala #=B6NIL\begin{center}#=B6SINHALESE kamalaa \end{verbatim} \item \emph{Indica} commands are \emph{not} nested: if you switch to Bengali and then Hindi, you will have to type \verb=3D#=B6BENGALI=3D once again to return to the former language (there is no ``group closing'' command, bringing you back to the state you were before, as in \TeX\ for example). \item The input mode switching commands (\verb=3D#=B6SEVENBIT=3D, \verb=3D#=B6CSX=3D, etc.) can appear anywhere in the text. They don't pro= duce any immediate effect when in \verb=3DNIL=3D language; the corresponding input mode is stored and applied on forthcoming Indic text. Default settings (applied automatically at the begin of every file) are \verb=3DNIL=3D language, and \verb=3DSEVENBIT=3D input mode. \item The \verb=3DALIAS=3D command has the following syntax: \begin{verbatim} #=B6ALIAS SINHALESE FOO \end{verbatim} which has to be written \emph{at the beginning of a line}. The first argument is the command name for which we want to create an alias, the second argument is the alias itself. Once you have written the line above, you can use \verb=3D#FOO=3D instead of \verb=3D#=B6SINHALESE=3D. You can use \emph{uppercase} Latin alphabet letters, or \emph{8-bit characters} in aliases. For example, you could define \begin{verbatim} #=B6ALIAS SINHALESE S #=B6ALIAS NIL N \end{verbatim} and afterwards type only \verb=3D#=B6S=3D to switch to Sinhalese, and \verb=3D#=B6N=3D to switch back to \verb=3DNIL=3D language. Or, you could= define \catcode`\=A5=3D13 \def=A5{{\SHb\char69i}{\SHa\char11}{\SHb\-\char77a}{\SHb\-\char37a}} \begin{verbatim} #=B6ALIAS SINHALESE =A5 \end{verbatim} provided your platform has a graphic interface allowing Sinhalese screen display (Macintosh, Windows, X-Window\ldots). Numbers cannot be part of aliases, so the usual \TeX\ operators \verb=3D#1=3D, \verb=3D#2=3D, \verb=3D##1=3D\ldots are not affected by \emph{Indica}. More generally, whenever \emph{Indica} encounters a hash mark followed by an unknown string (not a predefined command name or previously defined alias), it leaves both the hash mark and the string untouched\footnote{!`Cuidado! If you mispell an \emph{Indica} command, you will end up with a hash mark and the misspelled string in your (La)\TeX\ code and should prepare yourself to get a very mean (La)\TeX\ error message: (La)\TeX\ just \emph{hates} useless hash marks.}. \item \emph{Indica} does not take \TeX\ comment marks into consideration. If you write=20 \begin{verbatim} % This is a TeX comment %#=B6SINHALESE % etc etc \end{verbatim} unlike \TeX, \emph{Indica} \_will\_ read these lines and switch to Sinhalese language. \item \emph{Indica} will read only the files you ask it to read; it will not interpret (La)\TeX\ \verb=3D\input=3D commands\footnote{This feature could be implemented to \emph{Indica}, but would result in a loss of portability: every \TeX\ implementation has its own environment variables for file path searching. The same environment variables should be included into \emph{Indica}'s code, so that exactly the same files may be found and opened.}. On the other hand, a file already processed by \emph{Indica} does not contain any \emph{Indica} commands anymore, so that one can re-process it an arbitrary number of times without altering it. It follows that you could write a batch file to run \emph{Indica} on all files of your working directory, just to be sure that no file has been left unprocessed. \end{itemize} \subsubsection{Do I need Big\TeX\ for all those macros?} Sorry, there are \emph{no} macros. \emph{Indica} does all the work for you and its output is rather unreadable for a human---but quite readable for \TeX. If you are working with NFSS2 or \LaTeX${}_\varepsilon$ (as the author advises you), and if you use the T1 (Cork) encoding (as the author very strongly advises you) then you only need to place files \texttt{T1sinha.fd}, \texttt{T1sinhb.fd}, \texttt{T1sinhc.fd} together with the other FD files you use, and write \begin{verbatim} \newcommand{\SHa}{\fontfamily{sinha}\selectfont} \newcommand{\SHb}{\fontfamily{sinhb}\selectfont} \newcommand{\SHc}{\fontfamily{sinhc}\selectfont} \end{verbatim} in the preamble of your file. If you are working with NFSS2 or \LaTeX${}_\varepsilon$, and you wish to install the Sinhalese fonts in a more formal manner, recognizing the encoding of the font as being different from T1 (we call it SH1), then you only need to place files \texttt{SH1sinha.fd}, \texttt{SH1sinhb.fd}, \texttt{SH1sinhc.fd} together with the other FD files you use, and use the package \verb"sinhala.sty" when you run LaTeX${}_\varepsilon$. So you would begin your document like this: \begin{verbatim} \documentclass{article} \usepackage{sinhala} \begin{document} ... \end{verbatim} If you are working in plain or in some obsolete pre-historic (that is, non-NFSS2) version of \LaTeX\ then you will have to define the fonts manually. Remember that you always have to define triplets of fonts, as in \begin{verbatim} \font\SHa=3Dsinha10 \font\SHb=3Dsinhb10 \font\SHc=3Dsinhc10 \end{verbatim} The available point sizes are~8, 9, 10 and~12. Please contact the author if you need other point sizes, or scale the ones you have linearly. There is no bold or slanted style yet (although it would be straightforward to obtain them out of the Metafont code), because the author has never seen a such. Any information on Sinhalese typographical traditions and aesthetics would be most welcome. \subsubsection{Simultaneous text and transcription} If you write your Sinhalese text in \verb=3DLATEX=3D input mode, you can copy and paste it to some other part of the document and run it in \verb=3DNIL=3D language mode; it will produce the ``standard'' Latin transcription of the same text. The only precaution you need to take is to include the \TeX\ macro \verb=3D\diatop=3D, in the preamble of your document.\footnote{This macro was published by Christina Thiele (cf.~\cite{thiele}, p.\,11).} This macro typesets characters with double diacritization (like \diatop[\=3D|\"a], \diatop[\=3D|\d r], etc.) Here is the expansion of this macro, just in case: \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} \def\diatop[#1|#2]{{\setbox1=3D\hbox{{#1{}}}\setbox2=3D\hbox{{#2{}}}% \dimen0=3D\ifdim\wd1>\wd2\wd1\else\wd2\fi% \dimen1=3D\ht2\advance\dimen1by-1ex% \setbox1=3D\hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#1\hss}% \rlap{\raise1\dimen1\box1}% \hbox to1\dimen0{\hss#2\hss}}}% %e.g. of use: \diatop[\'|{\=3Do}] gives o macron acute \end{verbatim} \end{small} And an example of simultaneous text and transcription (illustrating the use of aliases as well): you write \begin{verbatim} #=B6LATEX #=B6S s\d{r}tuva #=B6N (s\d{r}tuva) season, #=B6S aitih\=3D{a}sika #=B6N = (aitih\=3D{a}sika)=20 historical, #=B6S au\d{s}adha #=B6N (au\d{s}adha) medicines, #=B6S \d{n}a= ya #=B6N=20 (\d{n}aya) loan, #=B6S ko\b{l}a\u{m}ba #=B6N (ko\b{l}a\u{m}ba) Colombo, \= ldots \end{verbatim} and (after preprocessing by \emph{Indica}) \TeX\ will typeset \begin{quotation} \noindent{\SHb\char69a\char1}{\SHa\-\char189u}{\SHb\-\char14a} (s\d{r}tuv= a) season, {\SHa\char5\char22}{\SHa\char189i}{\SHb\-\char77a\char0}{\SHb\= -\char69i}{\SHa\-\char77a} (aitih\=3D{a}sika) historical, {\SHa\char24\char3}{\SHb\char61a}{\SHa\-\c= har205a} (au\d{s}adha) medicines, {\SHa\char181a}{\SHb\-\char21a} (\d{n}aya) loan, {\SHa\char5\char77a\char= 0}{\SHb\-\char85a}{\SHb\-\char117a} (ko\b{l}a\u{m}ba) Colombo, \ldots \end{quotation} \begin{thebibliography}{66666} \bibitem{belko} {\wncyr Bel\char126koviq, A.A.} {\SHb\char29a\char8}{\SHb= \-\char69i}{\SHb\-\char21a\char0}{\SHa\-\char213u}{\SHb\-\char53i}{\SHa\c= har11}{\SHb\-\char77a}{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHb\char53a}{\SHa\-\char237}{\SHb\-\char163a}{\SHa\-\char5\char77a\char= 7}{\SHb\-\char61a}{\SHb\-\char21a} ({\wncyi Russko-Singal\char126ski\char= 26\ Slovar\char126\/}), {\wncyr Rus\-ski\char26\ \char23zyk}, 1983. \bibitem{clough} Clough, Rev. B., {\SHb\char69i}{\SHa\char11}{\SHb\-\char= 77a}{\SHb\-\char37a} {\SHa\char17}{\SHa\char11}{\SHa\char66iir}{\SHb\-\ch= ar69i} {\SHa\char16}{\SHa\char77a\char0}{\SHb\-\char29a\char0}{\SHb\-\cha= r163i}{\SHb\-\char21a} (\emph{Sinhalese-English Dictionary}), Wesleyan Mission Press, Kollupitiya, 1892, facsimile edition by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, 1982. \bibitem{disanayaka} Disanayaka, J.B., \emph{Let's read and write Sinhala}, Pioneer Lanka Publications, London, 1993. \bibitem{faulman} Faulman, C., \emph{Das Buch der Schrift, enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und aller V\"olker des Erdkreises}, Druck und Verlag der kaiserlich-k\"oniglichen Hof- und Staats\-dru\discretionary{k-}{k}{ck}erei, Wien, 1880. \bibitem{norwegian} Godakumbura, C.E., \emph{Catalogue of Ceylonese Manuscripts}, The Royal Library, Copenhagen, 1980. \bibitem{iso10646} \emph{Information technology --- Universal Multiple-octet Coded Character Set}, ISO-IEC, Reference Number ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993(E). \bibitem{lambert} Lambert, H.M., \emph{Introduction to the Scripts of South India and Ceylon}, manuscript prepared as a companion to: \emph{Introduction to the Devanagari Script, for Students of Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali}, Oxford University Press, 1983. \bibitem{yacc-lex} Levine, J., Mason T., Brown, D., \emph{lex \& yacc}, O'Reilly \& Associates, Inc., Sebastopol, 1992. \bibitem{nakanishi} Nakanishi, A., \emph{Writing systems of the World}, Charles~E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1980. \bibitem{thiele}Thiele, C., ``\TeX, Linguistics and Journal Production'', in \emph{Conference Proceedings: \TeX\ Users Group Eighth Annual Meeting, Seattle, August 24--26, 1987}, Providence, 1988. \bibitem{dominik} Wujastyk, D., \emph{Standardization of Romanized Sanskrit for Electronic Data Transfer and Screen Representation}, [results of a session held at the 8th World Sanskrit Conference, Vienna, 1990] in \emph{Sesame Bulletin} 4(1), 1991, pp.\,27--29. \end{thebibliography} \newpage \begin{appendix} \section{Table of Sinhalese consonant $+$ vowel combinations} \begin{large} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|r|ccccccccccc|}\hline \multicolumn{12}{|c|}{\normalsize Table 1. Without vowel, and vowels `a'-= -`\diatop[\=3D|\d r]'} \\ \hline & & a & \=3Da & \"a & \diatop[\=3D|\"a] & i & \=3D\i & u & \=3Du & \d = r & \diatop[\=3D|\d r]\\ \hline & & {\SHa\char16} & {\SHa\char16\char0} & {\SHa\char16\char8} & {\SHa\= char16\char9} & {\SHa\char17} & {\SHa\char18} & {\SHa\char19} & {\SHa\cha= r19\char3} & {\SHa\char20\char1} & {\SHa\char20\char2} \\ ka & {\SHa\char77} & {\SHa\char77a} & {\SHa\char77a\char0} & {\SHa\char7= 7a\char8} & {\SHa\char77a\char9} & {\SHa\char77i} & {\SHa\char77ii} & {\S= Ha\char77u} & {\SHa\char77uu} & {\SHa\char77a\char1} & {\SHa\char77a\char= 2} \\ kha & {\SHa\char85} & {\SHa\char85a} & {\SHa\char85a\char0} & {\SHa\char8= 5a\char8} & {\SHa\char85a\char9} & {\SHa\char85i} & {\SHa\char85ii} & {\S= Ha\char85u} & {\SHa\char85uu} & {\SHa\char85a\char1} & {\SHa\char85a\char= 2} \\ ga & {\SHa\char66} & {\SHa\char66a} & {\SHa\char66a\char0} & {\SHa\char6= 6a\char8} & {\SHa\char66a\char9} & {\SHa\char66i} & {\SHa\char66ii} & {\S= Ha\char66u} & {\SHa\char66uu} & {\SHa\char66a\char1} & {\SHa\char66a\char= 2} \\ gha & {\SHa\char101} & {\SHa\char101a} & {\SHa\char101a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar101a\char8} & {\SHa\char101a\char9} & {\SHa\char101i} & {\SHa\char101ii= } & {\SHa\char101u} & {\SHa\char101uu} & {\SHa\char101a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar101a\char2} \\ \.na & {\SHa\char109} & {\SHa\char109a} & {\SHa\char109a\char0} & {\SHa\c= har109a\char8} & {\SHa\char109a\char9} & {\SHa\char109i} & {\SHa\char109i= i} & {\SHa\char109u} & {\SHa\char109uu} & {\SHa\char109a\char1} & {\SHa\c= har109a\char2} \\ ca & {\SHa\char117} & {\SHa\char117a} & {\SHa\char117a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar117a\char8} & {\SHa\char117a\char9} & {\SHa\char117i} & {\SHa\char117ii= } & {\SHa\char117u} & {\SHa\char117uu} & {\SHa\char117a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar117a\char2} \\ cha & {\SHa\char125} & {\SHa\char125a} & {\SHa\char125a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar125a\char8} & {\SHa\char125a\char9} & {\SHa\char125i} & {\SHa\char125ii= } & {\SHa\char125u} & {\SHa\char125uu} & {\SHa\char125a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar125a\char2} \\ ja & {\SHa\char133} & {\SHa\char133a} & {\SHa\char133a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar133a\char8} & {\SHa\char133a\char9} & {\SHa\char133i} & {\SHa\char133ii= } & {\SHa\char133u} & {\SHa\char133uu} & {\SHa\char133a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar133a\char2} \\ jha & {\SHa\char141} & {\SHa\char141a} & {\SHa\char141a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar141a\char8} & {\SHa\char141a\char9} & {\SHa\char141i} & {\SHa\char141ii= } & {\SHa\char141u} & {\SHa\char141uu} & {\SHa\char141a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar141a\char2} \\ \~na & {\SHb\char139} & {\SHb\char139a} & {\SHb\char139aa} & {\SHb\char13= 9aaa} & {\SHb\char139aaaa} & {\SHb\char139i} & {\SHb\char139ii} & {\SHb\c= har139u} & {\SHb\char139uu} & {\SHb\char139rr} & {\SHb\char139rrr} \\ \d ta & {\SHa\char149} & {\SHa\char149a} & {\SHa\char149a\char0} & {\SHa\= char149a\char8} & {\SHa\char149a\char9} & {\SHa\char149i} & {\SHa\char149= ii} & {\SHa\char149u} & {\SHa\char149uu} & {\SHa\char149a\char1} & {\SHa\= char149a\char2} \\ \d tha & {\SHa\char157} & {\SHa\char157a} & {\SHa\char157a\char0} & {\SHa= \char157a\char8} & {\SHa\char157a\char9} & {\SHa\char157i} & {\SHa\char15= 7ii} & {\SHa\char157u} & {\SHa\char157uu} & {\SHa\char157a\char1} & {\SHa= \char157a\char2} \\ \d da & {\SHb\char163} & {\SHa\char165a} & {\SHa\char165a\char0} & {\SHa\= char165a\char8} & {\SHa\char165a\char9} & {\SHa\char165i} & {\SHa\char165= ii} & {\SHa\char165u} & {\SHa\char165uu} & {\SHa\char165a\char1} & {\SHa\= char165a\char2} \\ \d dha & {\SHa\char205} & {\SHa\char173a} & {\SHa\char173a\char0} & {\SHa= \char173a\char8} & {\SHa\char173a\char9} & {\SHa\char173i} & {\SHa\char17= 3ii} & {\SHa\char173u} & {\SHa\char173uu} & {\SHa\char173a\char1} & {\SHa= \char173a\char2} \\ \d na & {\SHa\char213} & {\SHa\char181a} & {\SHa\char181a\char0} & {\SHa\= char181a\char8} & {\SHa\char181a\char9} & {\SHa\char181i} & {\SHa\char181= ii} & {\SHa\char181u} & {\SHa\char181uu} & {\SHa\char181a\char1} & {\SHa\= char181a\char2} \\ ta & {\SHa\char189} & {\SHa\char189a} & {\SHa\char189a\char0} & {\SHa\cha= r189a\char8} & {\SHa\char189a\char9} & {\SHa\char189i} & {\SHa\char189ii}= & {\SHa\char189u} & {\SHa\char189uu} & {\SHa\char189a\char1} & {\SHa\cha= r189a\char2} \\ tha & {\SHa\char197} & {\SHa\char197a} & {\SHa\char197a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar197a\char8} & {\SHa\char197a\char9} & {\SHa\char197i} & {\SHa\char197ii= } & {\SHa\char197u} & {\SHa\char197uu} & {\SHa\char197a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar197a\char2} \\ da & {\SHb\char163} & {\SHb\char163a} & {\SHb\char163aa} & {\SHb\char163a= aa} & {\SHb\char163aaaa} & {\SHb\char163i} & {\SHb\char163ii} & {\SHb\cha= r163u} & {\SHb\char163uu} & {\SHb\char163rr} & {\SHb\char163rrr} \\ dha & {\SHa\char205} & {\SHa\char205a} & {\SHa\char205a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar205a\char8} & {\SHa\char205a\char9} & {\SHa\char205i} & {\SHa\char205ii= } & {\SHa\char205u} & {\SHa\char205uu} & {\SHa\char205a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar205a\char2} \\ na & {\SHa\char213} & {\SHa\char213a} & {\SHa\char213a\char0} & {\SHa\cha= r213a\char8} & {\SHa\char213a\char9} & {\SHa\char213i} & {\SHa\char213ii}= & {\SHa\char213u} & {\SHa\char213uu} & {\SHa\char213a\char1} & {\SHa\cha= r213a\char2} \\ pa & {\SHa\char221} & {\SHa\char221a} & {\SHa\char221a\char0} & {\SHa\cha= r221a\char8} & {\SHa\char221a\char9} & {\SHa\char221i} & {\SHa\char221ii}= & {\SHa\char221u} & {\SHa\char221uu} & {\SHa\char221a\char1} & {\SHa\cha= r221a\char2} \\ pha & {\SHa\char229} & {\SHa\char229a} & {\SHa\char229a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar229a\char8} & {\SHa\char229a\char9} & {\SHa\char229i} & {\SHa\char229ii= } & {\SHa\char229u} & {\SHa\char229uu} & {\SHa\char229a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar229a\char2} \\ ba & {\SHa\char237} & {\SHa\char237a} & {\SHa\char237a\char0} & {\SHa\cha= r237a\char8} & {\SHa\char237a\char9} & {\SHa\char237i} & {\SHa\char237ii}= & {\SHa\char237u} & {\SHa\char237uu} & {\SHa\char237a\char1} & {\SHa\cha= r237a\char2} \\ bha & {\SHa\char245} & {\SHa\char245a} & {\SHa\char245a\char0} & {\SHa\ch= ar245a\char8} & {\SHa\char245a\char9} & {\SHa\char245i} & {\SHa\char245ii= } & {\SHa\char245u} & {\SHa\char245uu} & {\SHa\char245a\char1} & {\SHa\ch= ar245a\char2} \\ ma & {\SHa\char253} & {\SHa\char253a} & {\SHa\char253a\char0} & {\SHa\cha= r253a\char8} & {\SHa\char253a\char9} & {\SHa\char253i} & {\SHa\char253ii}= & {\SHa\char253u} & {\SHa\char253uu} & {\SHa\char253a\char1} & {\SHa\cha= r253a\char2} \\ ya & {\SHb\char21} & {\SHb\char21a} & {\SHb\char21a\char0} & {\SHb\char21= a\char8} & {\SHb\char21a\char9} & {\SHb\char21i} & {\SHb\char21ii} & {\SH= b\char21u} & {\SHb\char21uu} & {\SHb\char21a\char1} & {\SHb\char21a\char2= } \\ ra & {\SHb\char29} & {\SHb\char29a} & {\SHb\char29a\char0} & {\SHb\char29= u} & {\SHb\char29uu} & {\SHb\char29i} & {\SHb\char29ii} & {\SHb\char29a\c= har8} & {\SHb\char29a\char9} & {\SHb\char29a\char1} & {\SHb\char29a\char2= } \\ la & {\SHb\char37} & {\SHb\char37a} & {\SHb\char37a\char0} & {\SHb\char37= a\char8} & {\SHb\char37a\char9} & {\SHb\char37i} & {\SHb\char37ii} & {\SH= b\char37u} & {\SHb\char37uu} & {\SHb\char37a\char1} & {\SHb\char37a\char2= } \\ va & {\SHb\char14} & {\SHb\char14a} & {\SHb\char14a\char0} & {\SHb\char14= a\char8} & {\SHb\char14a\char9} & {\SHb\char14i} & {\SHb\char14ii} & {\SH= b\char14u} & {\SHb\char14uu} & {\SHb\char14a\char1} & {\SHb\char14a\char2= } \\ \'sa & {\SHb\char53} & {\SHb\char53a} & {\SHb\char53a\char0} & {\SHb\char= 53a\char8} & {\SHb\char53a\char9} & {\SHb\char53i} & {\SHb\char53ii} & {\= SHb\char53u} & {\SHb\char53uu} & {\SHb\char53a\char1} & {\SHb\char53a\cha= r2} \\ \d sa & {\SHb\char61} & {\SHb\char61a} & {\SHb\char61a\char0} & {\SHb\cha= r61a\char8} & {\SHb\char61a\char9} & {\SHb\char61i} & {\SHb\char61ii} & {= \SHb\char61u} & {\SHb\char61uu} & {\SHb\char61a\char1} & {\SHb\char61a\ch= ar2} \\ sa & {\SHb\char69} & {\SHb\char69a} & {\SHb\char69a\char0} & {\SHb\char69= a\char8} & {\SHb\char69a\char9} & {\SHb\char69i} & {\SHb\char69ii} & {\SH= b\char69u} & {\SHb\char69uu} & {\SHb\char69a\char1} & {\SHb\char69a\char2= } \\ ha & {\SHb\char77} & {\SHb\char77a} & {\SHb\char77a\char0} & {\SHb\char77= a\char8} & {\SHb\char77a\char9} & {\SHb\char77i} & {\SHb\char77ii} & {\SH= b\char77u} & {\SHb\char77uu} & {\SHb\char77a\char1} & {\SHb\char77a\char2= } \\ \d la & {\SHb\char85} & {\SHb\char85a} & {\SHb\char85a\char0} & {\SHb= \char85a\char8} & {\SHb\char85a\char9} & {\SHb\char85i} & {\SHb\char85= ii} & {\SHb\char85u} & {\SHb\char85uu} & {\SHb\char85a\char1} & {\SHb= \char85a\char2} \\ fa & {\SHb\char213} & {\SHb\char213a} & {\SHb\char213a\char0} & {\SHb\cha= r213a\char8} & {\SHb\char213a\char9} & {\SHb\char213i} & {\SHb\char213ii}= & {\SHb\char213u} & {\SHb\char213uu} & {\SHb\char213a\char1} & {\SHb\cha= r213a\char2} \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{large} \begin{large} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|r|cccccccccc|}\hline \multicolumn{11}{|c|}{\normalsize Table 2. Vowels `\d l'--`au', anusvara,= visarga} \\ \hline & \d l & \diatop[\=3D|\d l] & e & \=3De & ai & o & \=3Do & au & a\d m = & a\d h\\ \hline & {\SHa\char21} & {\SHa\char21\char3} & {\SHa\char22} & {\SHa\char23} = & {\SHa\char5\char22} & {\SHa\char24} & {\SHa\char25} & {\SHa\char24\char= 3} & {\SHa\char16}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char16}{\SHa\char10} \\ ka & {\SHa\char77a\char3} & {\SHa\char77a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char77a} &= {\SHa\char5\char77} & {\SHa\char6\char77a} & {\SHa\char5\char77a\char0} = & {\SHa\char5\char77a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char77a\char3} & {\SHa\char77a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char77a}{\SHa\char10} \\ kha & {\SHa\char85a\char3} & {\SHa\char85a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char85a} = & {\SHa\char5\char85} & {\SHa\char6\char85a} & {\SHa\char5\char85a\char0}= & {\SHa\char5\char85a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char85a\char3} & {\SHa\char85= a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char85a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ga & {\SHa\char66a\char3} & {\SHa\char66a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char66a} &= {\SHa\char5\char66} & {\SHa\char6\char66a} & {\SHa\char5\char66a\char0} = & {\SHa\char5\char66a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char66a\char3} & {\SHa\char66a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char66a}{\SHa\char10} \\ gha & {\SHa\char101a\char3} & {\SHa\char101a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char101= a} & {\SHa\char5\char101} & {\SHa\char6\char101a} & {\SHa\char5\char101a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char101a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char101a\char3} & {\SH= a\char101a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char101a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \.na & {\SHa\char109a\char3} & {\SHa\char109a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char10= 9a} & {\SHa\char5\char109} & {\SHa\char6\char109a} & {\SHa\char5\char109a= \char0} & {\SHa\char5\char109a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char109a\char3} & {\S= Ha\char109a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char109a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ca & {\SHa\char117a\char3} & {\SHa\char117a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char117a= } & {\SHa\char5\char117} & {\SHa\char6\char117a} & {\SHa\char5\char117a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char117a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char117a\char3} & {\SHa= \char117a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char117a}{\SHa\char10} \\ cha & {\SHa\char125a\char3} & {\SHa\char125a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char125= a} & {\SHa\char5\char125} & {\SHa\char6\char125a} & {\SHa\char5\char125a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char125a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char125a\char3} & {\SH= a\char125a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char125a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ja & {\SHa\char133a\char3} & {\SHa\char133a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char133a= } & {\SHa\char5\char133} & {\SHa\char6\char133a} & {\SHa\char5\char133a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char133a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char133a\char3} & {\SHa= \char133a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char133a}{\SHa\char10} \\ jha & {\SHa\char141a\char3} & {\SHa\char141a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char141= a} & {\SHa\char5\char141} & {\SHa\char6\char141a} & {\SHa\char5\char141a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char141a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char141a\char3} & {\SH= a\char141a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char141a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \~na & {\SHb\char139a\char3} & {\SHb\char139a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char13= 9a} & {\SHb\char5\char139} & {\SHb\char6\char139a} & {\SHb\char5\char139a= a} & {\SHb\char5\char139o} & {\SHb\char5\char139a\char3} & {\SHb\char139a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char139a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d ta & {\SHa\char149a\char3} & {\SHa\char149a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char1= 49a} & {\SHa\char5\char149} & {\SHa\char6\char149a} & {\SHa\char5\char149= a\char0} & {\SHa\char5\char149a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char149a\char3} & {\= SHa\char149a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char149a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d tha & {\SHa\char157a\char3} & {\SHa\char157a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char= 157a} & {\SHa\char5\char157} & {\SHa\char6\char157a} & {\SHa\char5\char15= 7a\char0} & {\SHa\char5\char157a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char157a\char3} & {= \SHa\char157a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char157a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d da & {\SHa\char165a\char3} & {\SHa\char165a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char1= 65a} & {\SHa\char5\char165} & {\SHa\char6\char165a} & {\SHa\char5\char165= a\char0} & {\SHa\char5\char165a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char165a\char3} & {\= SHa\char165a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char165a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d dha & {\SHa\char173a\char3} & {\SHa\char173a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char= 173a} & {\SHa\char5\char173} & {\SHa\char6\char173a} & {\SHa\char5\char17= 3a\char0} & {\SHa\char5\char173a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char173a\char3} & {= \SHa\char173a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char173a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d na & {\SHa\char181a\char3} & {\SHa\char181a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char1= 81a} & {\SHa\char5\char181} & {\SHa\char6\char181a} & {\SHa\char5\char181= a\char0} & {\SHa\char5\char181a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char181a\char3} & {\= SHa\char181a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char181a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ta & {\SHa\char189a\char3} & {\SHa\char189a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char189a= } & {\SHa\char5\char189} & {\SHa\char6\char189a} & {\SHa\char5\char189a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char189a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char189a\char3} & {\SHa= \char189a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char189a}{\SHa\char10} \\ tha & {\SHa\char197a\char3} & {\SHa\char197a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char197= a} & {\SHa\char5\char197} & {\SHa\char6\char197a} & {\SHa\char5\char197a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char197a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char197a\char3} & {\SH= a\char197a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char197a}{\SHa\char10} \\ da & {\SHb\char163a\char3} & {\SHb\char163a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char163a= } & {\SHb\char5\char163} & {\SHb\char6\char163a} & {\SHb\char5\char163aa}= & {\SHb\char5\char163o} & {\SHb\char5\char163a\char3} & {\SHb\char163a}{= \SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char163a}{\SHa\char10} \\ dha & {\SHa\char205a\char3} & {\SHa\char205a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char205= a} & {\SHa\char5\char205} & {\SHa\char6\char205a} & {\SHa\char5\char205a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char205a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char205a\char3} & {\SH= a\char205a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char205a}{\SHa\char10} \\ na & {\SHa\char213a\char3} & {\SHa\char213a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char213a= } & {\SHa\char5\char213} & {\SHa\char6\char213a} & {\SHa\char5\char213a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char213a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char213a\char3} & {\SHa= \char213a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char213a}{\SHa\char10} \\ pa & {\SHa\char221a\char3} & {\SHa\char221a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char221a= } & {\SHa\char5\char221} & {\SHa\char6\char221a} & {\SHa\char5\char221a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char221a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char221a\char3} & {\SHa= \char221a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char221a}{\SHa\char10} \\ pha & {\SHa\char229a\char3} & {\SHa\char229a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char229= a} & {\SHa\char5\char229} & {\SHa\char6\char229a} & {\SHa\char5\char229a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char229a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char229a\char3} & {\SH= a\char229a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char229a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ba & {\SHa\char237a\char3} & {\SHa\char237a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char237a= } & {\SHa\char5\char237} & {\SHa\char6\char237a} & {\SHa\char5\char237a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char237a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char237a\char3} & {\SHa= \char237a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char237a}{\SHa\char10} \\ bha & {\SHa\char245a\char3} & {\SHa\char245a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char245= a} & {\SHa\char5\char245} & {\SHa\char6\char245a} & {\SHa\char5\char245a\= char0} & {\SHa\char5\char245a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char245a\char3} & {\SH= a\char245a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char245a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ma & {\SHa\char253a\char3} & {\SHa\char253a\char4} & {\SHa\char5\char253a= } & {\SHa\char5\char253} & {\SHa\char6\char253a} & {\SHa\char5\char253a\c= har0} & {\SHa\char5\char253a\char7} & {\SHa\char5\char253a\char3} & {\SHa= \char253a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHa\char253a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ya & {\SHb\char21a\char3} & {\SHb\char21a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char21a} &= {\SHb\char5\char21} & {\SHb\char6\char21a} & {\SHb\char5\char21a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char21a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char21a\char3} & {\SHb\char21a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char21a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ra & {\SHb\char29a\char3} & {\SHb\char29a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char29a} &= {\SHb\char5\char29} & {\SHb\char6\char29a} & {\SHb\char5\char29a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char29a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char29a\char3} & {\SHb\char29a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char29a}{\SHa\char10} \\ la & {\SHb\char37a\char3} & {\SHb\char37a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char37a} &= {\SHb\char5\char37} & {\SHb\char6\char37a} & {\SHb\char5\char37a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char37a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char37a\char3} & {\SHb\char37a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char37a}{\SHa\char10} \\ va & {\SHb\char14a\char3} & {\SHb\char14a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char14a} &= {\SHb\char5\char14} & {\SHb\char6\char14a} & {\SHb\char5\char14a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char14a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char14a\char3} & {\SHb\char14a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char14a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \'sa & {\SHb\char53a\char3} & {\SHb\char53a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char53a}= & {\SHb\char5\char53} & {\SHb\char6\char53a} & {\SHb\char5\char53a\char0= } & {\SHb\char5\char53a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char53a\char3} & {\SHb\char5= 3a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char53a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d sa & {\SHb\char61a\char3} & {\SHb\char61a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char61a= } & {\SHb\char5\char61} & {\SHb\char6\char61a} & {\SHb\char5\char61a\char= 0} & {\SHb\char5\char61a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char61a\char3} & {\SHb\char= 61a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char61a}{\SHa\char10} \\ sa & {\SHb\char69a\char3} & {\SHb\char69a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char69a} &= {\SHb\char5\char69} & {\SHb\char6\char69a} & {\SHb\char5\char69a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char69a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char69a\char3} & {\SHb\char69a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char69a}{\SHa\char10} \\ ha & {\SHb\char77a\char3} & {\SHb\char77a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char77a} &= {\SHb\char5\char77} & {\SHb\char6\char77a} & {\SHb\char5\char77a\char0} = & {\SHb\char5\char77a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char77a\char3} & {\SHb\char77a= }{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char77a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \d la & {\SHb\char85a\char3} & {\SHb\char85a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char= 85a} & {\SHb\char5\char85} & {\SHb\char6\char85a} & {\SHb\char5\char85= a\char0} & {\SHb\char5\char85a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char85a\char3} & {= \SHb\char85a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char85a}{\SHa\char10} \\ fa & {\SHb\char213a\char3} & {\SHb\char213a\char4} & {\SHb\char5\char213a= } & {\SHb\char5\char213} & {\SHb\char6\char213a} & {\SHb\char5\char213a\c= har0} & {\SHb\char5\char213a\char7} & {\SHb\char5\char213a\char3} & {\SHb= \char213a}{\SHa\char11} & {\SHb\char213a}{\SHa\char10} \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{large} \newpage \section{Table of Sinhalese characters in different input modes} \catcode`\=B6=3D13 \def=B6{\sl{}} \begin{small} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|>{\sc}l|>{\large}c|c>{\footnotesize\tt}c|>{\footnotesize= \tt}c|>{\footnotesize}c|} \hline name & Sinhala & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{CSX} & SEVENBIT & LATEX\\ \hline\hli= ne anusvara & {\SHa\char11} & \d m, \d M & 0xfc{\rm,} 0xfd & .m{\rm,} M & \v= erb=3D\d{m}=3D, \verb=3D\d{M}=3D \\ visarga & {\SHa\char10} & \d h, \d H & 0xfe{\rm,} 0xff & .h{\rm,} H & \ve= rb=3D\d{h}=3D, \verb=3D\d{H}=3D \\ \hline vow. a & {\SHa\char16} & a, A & 0x61{\rm,} 0x41 & a & \tt a{\rm,} A \\=20 vow. aa & {\SHa\char16\char0} & \=3Da, \=3DA & 0xe0{\rm,} 0xe2 & aa{\rm,}= A & \verb|\=3D{a}|, \verb|\=3D{A}| \\=20 vow. aaa & {\SHa\char16\char8} & \"a, \"A & 0x86{\rm,} 0x8e & \verb=3D=B6= "a=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D=B6.A=3D & \verb|\"{a}|, \verb|\"{A}| \\=20 vow. aaaa & {\SHa\char16\char9} & \diatop[\=3D|\"a], \diatop[\=3D|\"A] & = 0xc4${}^\ast${\rm,} 0xc5${}^\ast$ & \verb=3D=B6"aa=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D=B6.A= A=3D & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\"a]/, \\=20 & & & & & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\"A]/ \\ vow. i & {\SHa\char17} & i, I & 0x69{\rm,} 0x49 & i & \tt i{\rm,} I \\=20 vow. ii & {\SHa\char18} & \=3D\i, \=3DI & 0xe3{\rm,} 0xe4 & ii I & \verb|= \=3D{\i}|, \verb|\=3D{i} \=3D{I}| \\=20 vow. u & {\SHa\char19} & u, U & 0x75{\rm,} 0x55 & u & \tt u{\rm,} U \\=20 vow. uu & {\SHa\char19\char3} & \=3Du, \=3DU & 0xe5{\rm,} 0xe6 & uu{\rm,}= U & \verb|\=3D{u}|, \verb|\=3D{U}| \\=20 vow. voc. r & {\SHa\char20\char1} & \d r, \d R & 0xe7{\rm,} 0xe8 & .r & \= verb|\d{r}|, \verb|\d{R}| \\=20 vow. voc. rr & {\SHa\char20\char2} & \diatop[\=3D|\d r], \diatop[\=3D|\d = r] & 0xe9{\rm,} 0xea & .R & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\d r]/, \\=20 & & & & & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\d r]/ \\ vow. voc. l & {\SHa\char21} & \d l, \d L & 0xeb{\rm,} 0xec & .l & \verb|\= d{l}|, \verb|\d{L}| \\=20 vow. voc. ll & {\SHa\char21\char3} & \diatop[\=3D|\d l], \diatop[\=3D|\d = L] & 0xed{\rm,} 0xee & .L & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\d l]/, \\=20 & & & & & \verb/\diatop[\=3D|\d L]/ \\ vow. short e & {\SHa\char22} & \v e, \v E & 0xc0${}^\ast${\rm,} 0xc1${}^\= ast$ & \verb=3D=B6^e=3D & \verb=3D\v{e}=3D, \verb=3D\v{E}=3D \\=20 vow. e & {\SHa\char23} & e, E & 0x65{\rm,} 0x45 & e & \tt e{\rm,} E \\=20 vow. ai & {\SHa\char5\char22} & ai, Ai, AI & 0x6169{\rm,} 0x4169{\rm,} 0x= 6169 & ai{\rm,} E & \tt ai{\rm,} Ai{\rm,} AI \\=20 vow. short o & {\SHa\char24} & \v o, \v O & 0xc2${}^\ast${\rm,} 0xc3${}^\= ast$ & \verb=3D=B6^o=3D & \verb=3D\v{o}=3D, \verb=3D\v{O}=3D \\=20 vow. o & {\SHa\char25} & o, O & 0x6f{\rm,} 0x4f & o & \tt o{\rm,} O \\=20 vow. au & {\SHa\char24\char3} & au, Au, AU & 0x6175{\rm,} 0x4175{\rm,} 0x= 4155 & au{\rm,} O & \tt au{\rm,} Au{\rm,} AU \\ \hline cons. ka & {\SHa\char77a} & k, K & 0x6b{\rm,} 0x4b & k & \tt k{\rm,} K \\ cons. kha & {\SHa\char85a} & kh, Kh, KH & 0x6b68{\rm,} 0x4b68{\rm,} 0x4b4= 8 & kh{\rm,} K & \tt kh{\rm,} Kh{\rm,} KH \\ cons. ga & {\SHa\char66a} & g, G & 0x67{\rm,} 0x47 & g & \tt g{\rm,} G \\ cons. gha & {\SHa\char101a} & gh, Gh, GH & 0x6768{\rm,} 0x4768{\rm,} 0x47= 48 & gh{\rm,} G & \tt gh{\rm,} Gh{\rm,} GH \\ cons. nga & {\SHa\char213}{\SHa\-\char66a} & \.n, \.N & 0xef{\rm,} 0xf0 &= "n & \verb=3D\.{n}=3D, \verb=3D\.{N}=3D \\ cons. ca & {\SHa\char117a} & c, C & 0x63{\rm,} 0x43 & c & \tt c{\rm,} C \= \ cons. cha & {\SHa\char125a} & ch, Ch, CH & 0x6368{\rm,} 0x4368{\rm,} 0x43= 48 & ch{\rm,} C & \tt ch{\rm,} Ch{\rm,} CH \\ cons. ja & {\SHa\char133a} & j, J & 0x6a{\rm,} 0x4a & j & \tt j{\rm,} J \= \ cons. jha & {\SHa\char141a} & jh, Jh, JH & 0x6a68{\rm,} 0x4a68{\rm,} 0x6a= 68 & jh{\rm,} J & \tt jh{\rm,} Jh{\rm,} JH \\ cons. nya & {\SHb\char139a} & \~n, \~N & 0xa4{\rm,} 0xa5 & \verb=3D~n=3D = & \verb=3D\~{n}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\~{N}=3D \\ cons. tta & {\SHa\char149a} & \d t, \d T & 0xf1{\rm,} 0xf2 & .t & \verb=3D= \d{t}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{T}=3D \\ cons. ttha & {\SHa\char157a} & \d th, \d Th, \d TH & 0xf168{\rm,} 0xf168{= \rm,} 0xf248 & .th{\rm,} .T & \verb=3D\d{t}h=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{T}h=3D{\= rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\d{T}H=3D \\ cons. dda & {\SHa\char165a} & \d d, \d D & 0xf3{\rm,} 0xf4 & .d & \verb=3D= \d{d}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{D}=3D \\ cons. ddha & {\SHa\char173a} & \d dh, \d Dh, \d DH & 0xf368{\rm,} 0xf368{= \rm,} 0xf448 & .dh{\rm,} .D & \verb=3D\d{d}h=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{D}h=3D{\= rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\d{D}H=3D \\ cons. nna & {\SHa\char181a} & \d n, \d N & 0xf5{\rm,} 0xf6 & .n & \verb=3D= \d{n}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{N}=3D \\ % % % \hline\end{tabular} \end{center} \end{small} \begin{small} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{|>{\sc}l|>{\large}c|c>{\footnotesize\tt}c|>{\footnotesize= \tt}c|>{\footnotesize}c|} \hline %name & Sinhala & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{CSX} & SEVENBIT & LATEX\\ \hline\hl= ine % % % cons. ta & {\SHa\char189a} & t, T & 0x74{\rm,} 0x54 & t & \tt t{\rm,} T \= \ cons. tha & {\SHa\char197a} & th, Th, TH & 0x7468{\rm,} 0x5468{\rm,} 0x54= 48 & th{\rm,} T & \tt th{\rm,} Th{\rm,} TH \\ cons. da & {\SHb\char163a} & d, D & 0x64{\rm,} 0x44 & d & \tt d{\rm,} D \= \ cons. dha & {\SHa\char205a} & dh, Dh, DH & 0x6468{\rm,} 0x4468{\rm,} 0x44= 48 & dh{\rm,} D & \tt dh{\rm,} Dh{\rm,} DH \\ cons. na & {\SHa\char213a} & n, N & 0x6e{\rm,} 0x4e & n & \tt n{\rm,} N \= \ cons. pa & {\SHa\char221a} & p, P & 0x70{\rm,} 0x50 & p & \tt p{\rm,} P \= \ cons. pha & {\SHa\char229a} & ph, Ph, PH & 0x70{\rm,} 0x50{\rm,} 0x50 & p= h{\rm,} P & \tt ph{\rm,} Ph{\rm,} PH \\ cons. ba & {\SHa\char237a} & b, B & 0x62{\rm,} 0x42 & b & \tt b{\rm,} B \= \ cons. bha & {\SHa\char245a} & bh, Bh, BH & 0x62{\rm,} 0x42{\rm,} 0x42 & b= h{\rm,} B & \tt bh{\rm,} Bh{\rm,} BH \\ cons. ma & {\SHa\char253a} & m, M & 0x6d{\rm,} 0x4d & m & \tt m{\rm,} M \= \ cons. ya & {\SHb\char21a} & y, Y & 0x79{\rm,} 0x59 & y & \tt y{\rm,} Y \\ cons. ra & {\SHb\char29a} & r, R & 0x72{\rm,} 0x52 & r & \tt r{\rm,} R \\ cons. la & {\SHb\char37a} & l, L & 0x6c{\rm,} 0x4c & l & \tt l{\rm,} L \\ cons. lla & {\SHb\char85a} & ? & ? & L & \verb=3D\b{l}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D= \b{L}=3D \\ cons. va & {\SHb\char14a} & v, V & 0x76{\rm,} 0x56 & v & \tt v{\rm,} V \\ cons. sha & {\SHb\char53a} & \'s, \'S & 0xf7{\rm,} 0xf8 & "s & \verb=3D\'= s=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\'S=3D \\ cons. ssa & {\SHb\char61a} & \d s, \d S & 0xf9{\rm,} 0xfa & .s & \verb=3D= \d{s}=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\d{S}=3D \\ cons. sa & {\SHb\char69a} & s, S & 0x73{\rm,} 0x53 & s & \tt s{\rm,} S \\ cons. ha & {\SHb\char77a} & h, H & 0x68{\rm,} 0x48 & h & \tt h{\rm,} H \\ cons. fa & {\SHb\char213a} & f, F & 0x66{\rm,} 0x46 & f & \tt f{\rm,} F \= \ cons. nas. ga & {\SHb\char93a} & \u ng, \u Ng, \u NG & 0xc8${}^\ast$67{\= rm,} 0xc9${}^\ast$67{\rm,} 0xc947 & =B6Ng & \verb=3D\u{n}g=3D{\rm,} \verb= =3D\u{N}g=3D{\rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}G=3D \\ cons. nas. ca & {\SHb\char101a} & \u nc, \u Nc, \u NC & 0xc863{\rm,} 0xc= 943{\rm,} 0xc943 & =B6Nc & \verb=3D\u{n}c=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\u{N}c=3D{\rm,= } \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}C=3D \\ cons. nas. dda & {\SHb\char109a} & \u n\d d, \u N\ d d, \u N\d D & 0xc8f= 3{\rm,} 0xc9f3{\rm,} 0xc9f4 & =B6N.d & \verb=3D\u{n}\d{d}=3D{\rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}\d{d}=3D{\rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}\d{D}=3D \\ cons. nas. da & {\SHb\char187a} & \u nd, \u Nd, \u ND & 0xc864{\rm,} 0xc= 964{\rm,} 0xc944 & =B6Nd & \verb=3D\u{n}d=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\u{N}d=3D{\rm,= } \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}D=3D \\ cons. nas. ba & {\SHb\char117a} & \u mb, \u Mb, \u MB & 0xca${}^\ast$62{= \rm,} 0xcb${}^\ast$62{\rm,} 0xcb42 & =B6Nb & \verb=3D\u{m}b=3D{\rm,} \ver= b=3D\u{M}b=3D{\rm,} \\ & & & & & \verb=3D\u{M}B=3D \\ cons. nas. ja & {\SHb\char125a} & \u nj, \u Nj, \u NJ & 0xc86a{\rm,} 0xc= 96a{\rm,} 0xc94a & =B6Nj & \verb=3D\u{n}j=3D{\rm,} \verb=3D\u{N}j=3D{\rm,= } \\=20 & & & & & \verb=3D\u{N}J=3D \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{small} \noindent \textsc{notes.} \noindent\verb=3DCSX=3D column: Code positions followed by ${}^\ast$ are extensions of CSX proposed hereby by the author. \noindent\verb=3DSEVENBIT=3D column: Entries in slanted style are extensi= ons to Jan Velthuis' transcription, proposed hereby by the author. \end{appendix} \end{document} --------------040601070108000505080101-- _______________________________________________ Sinhala mailing list Sinhala@linux.lk https://secure.linux.lk/mailman/listinfo/sinhala